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\u4e00\u3001\u524d\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u3001\u5be6\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u51fa\u73fe\u6216\u9762\u81e8\u5371\u6a5f\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u66f4\u6df1\u5c64\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u51fa\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u60e1\u5316\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6216\u8a8d\u540c\u885d\u7a81\u3001\u6578\u4f4d\u79d1\u6280\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53cd\u566c\u3001\u6291\u6216\u662f\u65e2\u6709\u61b2\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u75b2\u56f0\u6216\u7d50\u69cb\u7f3a\u5931\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u9084\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5a01\u6b0a\u5916\u529b\u7684\u63a8\u6ce2\u52a9\u703e\u6216\u8005\u898b\u7e2b\u63d2\u91dd\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u6240\u8eab\u8655\u76842010\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5a01\u6b0a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08authoritarian populism\uff09\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u8f15\u5247\u9677\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u65e5\u8da8\u60e1\u8cea\u5316\uff0c\u91cd\u5247\u8870\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08illiberal democracy\uff09\u6216\u8005\u9078\u8209\u5a01\u6b0a\uff08electoral authoritarianism\uff09\uff08Galston, 2018; Graber, Levinson and Tushnet eds., 2018; Mounk, 2018; M\u00fcller, 2016; Norris and Inglehart, 2019; Sunstein ed., 2018; \u6c34\u5cf6\u6cbb\u90ce\uff0c2018\uff09\u3002\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u8aaa\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u812b\u6b50\u516c\u6295\uff08Brexit\uff09\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5ddd\u666e\u7e3d\u7d71\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u7684\u7576\u9078\u4ee5\u53ca\u57f7\u653f\u4f5c\u70ba\uff09\u3001\u6975\u53f3\u653f\u9ee8\u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u591a\u570b\u7684\u986f\u8457\u6210\u9577\u3001\u59d4\u5167\u745e\u62c9\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u6ce2\u862d\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7b49\u570b\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000\u3001\u9084\u6709\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u65cf\u7e41\u4e0d\u53ca\u5099\u8f09\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c11\u7cb9\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u53ea\u6015\u4e5f\u7121\u5f9e\u5016\u514d\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u73fe\u5be6\u653f\u6cbb\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u63a8\u4fc3\u4e0b\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0f\u7d42\u7d50\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u885b\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u62ef\u6551\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u9019\u985e\u8ab2\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u5df2\u7136\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u9580\u986f\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n \u672c\u6587\u8a66\u5716\u85c9\u7531\u722c\u68b3\u5e38\u898b\u65bc\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\uff08liberal democrats\uff09\u7684\u5169\u91cd\u96c6\u9ad4\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u7c97\u7565\u5730\u4ecb\u7d39\u8207\u56de\u9867\u665a\u8fd1\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u885b\u3001\u62ef\u6551\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u9019\u7d44\u5927\u54c9\u554f\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6982\u6cc1\u3002\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u51b7\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c20\u5e74\u9593\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u6602\u63da\uff0c\u73fe\u6642\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u6c1b\u570d\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\u793e\u6703\u5fc3\u7406\uff09\uff0c\u6bcb\u5be7\u662f\u7126\u616e\u7684\u3001\u6182\u5fc3\u7684\ufe55\u6d3b\u57282010\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u7126\u616e\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u82e6\u60f1\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u8a72\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u885b\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u90e8\u5206\u6e90\u81ea\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u524d\u666f\u7684\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\ufe54\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u61b2\u653f\u793e\u7fa4\u4e0d\u518d\u80fd\u5c07\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b58\u7e8c\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u3002\u5728\u95dc\u65bc\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u50b3\u7d71\u667a\u6167\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u4e5f\u9084\u5728\u6478\u7d22\u3001\u8ad6\u8faf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a72\u505a\u751a\u9ebc\u8207\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u89e3\u6c7a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u9762\u81e8\u5230\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5167\u6182\u8207\u5916\u60a3\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u547d\u904b\u7d42\u7a76\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u8ad6\u60c5\u52e2\u5982\u4f55\u96aa\u5cfb\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6216\u8a31\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d93\u7531\u61b2\u653f\u8b8a\u9077\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0f\u5bebc\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u8b8a\u9077\uff09\uff0c\u63a2\u5c0b\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u80fd\u5920\u8b93\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\u7684\u65b0\u61b2\u653f\u5178\u7bc4\u3002\u9019\u5c07\u6703\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6f2b\u9577\u800c\u8271\u8f9b\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u525b\u8d77\u7a0b\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u5920\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u9019\u9805\u61b2\u653f\u6311\u6230\u7684\u8271\u96e3\u2015\u2015\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b58\u7e8c\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u7dad\u6301\u67d0\u7a2e\u7126\u616e\u4e4b\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6216\u8a31\u5c31\u5df2\u5411\u524d\u8de8\u51fa\u4e86\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u4e8c\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u7126\u616e<\/strong><\/p>\n \u4e0d\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c11\u4e3b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9084\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c1a\u672a\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u8106\u5f31\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08fragile democracies\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u9700\u8981\u64d4\u5fc3\u300c\u660e\u5929\u904e\u5f8c\u662f\u5426\u9084\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\ufe54\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u4e00\u65e6\u8de8\u904e\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u95dc\u65bc\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\uff0f\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u5f0f\u9580\u6abb\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u78ba\u5207\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u6700\u5c0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\u5c31\u6703\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u88ab\u793e\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u8a8d\u53ef\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u578b\u5f0f\uff08the only game in town\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u77ed\u77ed\u5e7e\u5e74\u7684\u5149\u666f\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u4fb7\u9650\u65bc\u8106\u5f31\u6c11\u4e3b\ufe54\u5728\u4e0d\u5c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u65e9\u5df2\u6210\u719f\u3001\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u5df2\u958b\u767c\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u8ad6\u8005\u958b\u59cb\u63a2\u554f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5012\u9000\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u4ea1\uff1f\u9019\u9805\u8f49\u6298\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8ad6\u8005\u5c0d\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u300d\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u8f49\u8b8a\ufe55\u9664\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u731d\u6b7b\u65bc\u653f\u8b8a\u6216\u8005\u61b2\u653f\u5d29\u6f70\u9019\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u4eba\u78ba\u5207\u6a19\u5b9a\u51fa\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6642\u9593\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u665a\u8fd1\u8a31\u591a\u8ad6\u8005\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9084\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u7d93\u5e74\u7d2f\u6708\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7d93\u7531\u9078\u8209\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u4ee3\u8b70\u6c11\u4e3b\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u5730\u8870\u6557\u3001\u8150\u8755\u800c\u4ea1\uff08Ginsburg and Huq, 2018; Levitsky and Ziblatt, 2018; Runciman, 2018\uff09\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u653f\u6cbb\u66b4\u529b\u572820\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ee5\u5f8c\u8005\u9019\u7a2e\u6b7b\u6cd5\u8870\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u8af8\u591a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\uff0c\u518d\u600e\u9ebc\u6210\u719f\u3001\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u9084\u662f\u6703\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u98a8\u96aa\u3002\u9019\u662f\u665a\u8fd1\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u81f3\u70ba\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6839\u672c\u6311\u6230\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u9632\u885b\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u61b2\u653f\u98a8\u96aa\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u50b3\u7d71\u667a\u6167\u3002<\/p>\n \u665a\u8fd1\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u8ad6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9805\u91cd\u8981\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u8a8d\u51fa\u5c0e\u81f4\u7576\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u5371\u5bb3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u8207\u5b58\u7e8c\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u8a73\u76e1\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u75c5\u7406\u5206\u6790\u8207\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\uff08\u53cd\u591a\u5143\u7684\uff09\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u91d1\u6b0a\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u865b\u5047\u8a0a\u606f\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u5a92\u9ad4\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u5316\uff08the weaponization of social media\uff09\u3001\u5a01\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u92b3\u5be6\u529b\u5e72\u6d89\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6975\u5316\u8207\u653f\u9ee8\u60e1\u9b25\uff08partisan degradation\uff09\u2015\u2015\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u5011\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u5e38\u898b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5206\u5225\u800c\u8a00\u90fd\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u5011\u9084\u7d93\u5e38\u5171\u4f34\u51fa\u73fe\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u52a0\u4e58\u3002\u6982\u7565\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u53bb\u653b\u64ca\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u8cf4\u4ee5\u7dad\u7e6b\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u61b2\u653f\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u4e3b\u6d41\u5a92\u9ad4\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u6a5f\u5236\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u884c\u653f\u3001\u5b78\u8853\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u524a\u5f31\u3001\u53bb\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5404\u7a2e\u5236\u8861\u6216\u76e3\u7763\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u9084\u53ef\u80fd\u7834\u6bc0\u4e86\u82e5\u5e72\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f46\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Levitsky and Ziblatt (2018) \u6240\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5bec\u5bb9\uff08mutual toleration\uff09\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u514b\u5236\uff08institutional forbearance\uff09\u3002\u8fd1\u4f86\u5099\u53d7\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u865b\u5047\u8a0a\u606f\u3001\u5ec9\u50f9\u8a00\u8ad6\uff08cheap speech\uff09\u4e43\u81f3Muirhead and Rosenblum (2019) \u6240\u7279\u5225\u6279\u5224\u7684\u65b0\u9670\u8b00\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08the new conspiracism\uff09\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u80fd\u6839\u672c\u638f\u7a7a\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8a8d\u77e5\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u8b93\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u9023\u300c\u672c\u65bc\u4e8b\u5be6\u8207\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8b70\u8ad6\u300d\u5982\u6b64\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u3002\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u5a01\u8105\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6975\u5316\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c24\u5176\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\u8207\u6fc0\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6f70\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u4e8c\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u6709\u6b0a\u8005\u900f\u904e\u64cd\u63a7\u6c11\u4e3b\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u7dad\u6301\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u3002\u5728\u5f8c\u8005\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u61b2\u653f\u793e\u7fa4\u5373\u4f7f\u9084\u6709\u5b9a\u671f\u9078\u8209\u4e4b\u5f62\uff0c\u53ea\u6015\u5df2\u7121\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u9078\u8209\u4e4b\u5be6\u3002<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u4e09\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u9632\u885b\u7684\u7126\u616e<\/strong><\/p>\n \u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u906d\u9047\u300c\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u53cd\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5229\u7528\u6c11\u4e3b\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u7684\u985b\u8986\u5a01\u8105\ufe54\u665a\u8fd1\u8a31\u591a\u8ad6\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u5617\u8a66\u5f9e\u904e\u5f80\u6c11\u4e3b\u8986\u4ea1\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c72\u53d6\u6559\u8a13\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5f9e\u7d0d\u7cb9\u985b\u8986\u5fb7\u570b\u5a01\u746a\u5171\u548c\u7684\u6158\u75db\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u800c\u8a66\u5716\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624b\u6bb5\u9650\u5236\u3001\u6392\u9664\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u4e4b\u5167\u90e8\u6575\u4eba\u7684\u6230\u9b25\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08militant democracy\uff09\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f9d\u7136\u5099\u53d7\u8b70\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u5f9e\u89e3\u6d88\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u5728\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u885b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u7684\u7126\u616e\u3002\u50cf\u662f\u9055\u61b2\u653f\u9ee8\u7981\u6b62\u3001\u4ec7\u6068\u8a00\u8ad6\uff08hate speech\uff09\u7ba1\u5236\u9019\u985e\u5f37\u5ea6\u5e72\u9810\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u53c3\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6c11\u4e3b\u9632\u885b\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u6975\u6613\u88ab\u898f\u907f\u800c\u5f62\u540c\u5177\u6587\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u9677\u65bc\u53cd\u61c9\u904e\u5ea6\u6216\u8005\u300c\u53ea\u80fd\u6253\u84bc\u8805\u3001\u4e0d\u6562\u6253\u8001\u864e\u300d\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u66f4\u8b93\u4eba\u64d4\u6182\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5a01\u6b0a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\u3001\u9700\u8981\u9632\u885b\u300d\u70ba\u7531\uff0c\u7b9d\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u5c11\u6578\u7fa4\u9ad4\u6216\u8005\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff08Ginsburg and Huq, 2018; Levitsky and Ziblatt, 2018\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u66ab\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u6c11\u4e3b\u9632\u885b\u63aa\u65bd\u672c\u8eab\u88ab\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6575\u4eba\u6240\u985b\u8986\u8207\u60e1\u7528\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u6230\u9b25\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u6df1\u601d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u7981\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\u5f37\u529b\u9632\u885b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53cd\u800c\u7e2e\u77ed\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u5a01\u6b0a\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002<\/p>\n \u61b2\u6cd5\u898f\u7bc4\u8207\u61b2\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9805\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u7bc4\u66b4\u653f\u3002\u5f14\u8a6d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u904b\u4f5c\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u5f80\u5f80\u7121\u6cd5\u964d\u4f4e\u3001\u9084\u53cd\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u4ea1\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u98a8\u96aa\u3002\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u61b2\u653f\u7d93\u9a57\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u61b2\u653f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u53cd\u7701\u95dc\u65bc\u61b2\u653f\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u667a\u6167\uff08Ginsburg and Huq, 2018; Rosenbluth and Shapiro, 2018\uff09\u3002\u53ea\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u9000\u7684\u7576\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u7d50\u69cb\u6027\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u6539\u9769\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u61b2\u653f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u7d42\u7a76\u5f97\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u98a8\u96aa\u9593\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u8a72\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u63a7\u7ba1\u4f55\u8005\u7684\u8271\u96e3\u53d6\u6368\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u78ba\u7acb\u95dc\u65bc\u61b2\u653f\u9ad4\u5236\u8207\u9078\u8209\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u61b2\u6cd5\u9084\u5167\u5efa\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u53cd\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\u9632\u885b\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5a01\u6b0a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4fb5\u8755\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u9632\u885b\u6a5f\u5236\u4e0d\u662f\u9996\u7576\u5176\u885d\u3001\u7bc0\u7bc0\u6557\u9000\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8207\u6ce2\u862d\u7b49\u570b\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56ff\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u73fe\u5be6\u800c\u7121\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u7e3d\u7d71\u5f48\u52be\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u8ad6\u8005\u4ecd\u5c0d\u61b2\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u4f5c\u70ba\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b88\u8b77\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u671f\u5f85\u3002\u4e0d\u904eGinsburg and Huq (2018) \u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b88\u8b77\u6bd4\u8f03\u505a\u5f97\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\u591a\u722d\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u91cd\u65b0\u96c6\u7d50\u6574\u968a\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u7d93\u7531\u9078\u8209\u7af6\u722d\u8d0f\u56de\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u8aaa\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b88\u8b77\uff0c\u7d42\u7a76\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\ufe54\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5171\u696d\uff08shared enterprise\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u547d\u904b\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3002\u300d\uff08Levitsky and Ziblatt, 2018: 230\uff09\u53ea\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8870\u4ea1\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6eab\u6c34\u716e\u9752\u86d9\u300d\u5f0f\u7684\u6f38\u9032\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u7fa4\u6210\u54e1\u672a\u5fc5\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u611f\uff0f\u5371\u6a5f\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\u5354\u8abf\u6574\u5408\u51fa\u80fd\u5920\u6709\u6548\u9632\u885b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u96c6\u9ad4\u884c\u52d5\u2015\u2015\u9019\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u53c8\u6703\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u76f8\u7576\u8271\u9245\u7684\u8003\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u56db\u3001\u7d50\u8a9e<\/strong><\/p>\n \u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u9677\u65bcRunciman (2018) \u6240\u8b6c\u55bb\u7684\u4e2d\u5e74\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u662f\u9762\u81e8\u5230\u66f4\u70ba\u8feb\u5207\u7684\u5b58\u4ea1\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c2010\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u591a\u534a\u90fd\u5f88\u7126\u616e\ufe55\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u5f80\u5f80\u6c92\u6709\u52c7\u5065\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u62b5\u6297\u4f86\u81ea\u5a01\u6b0a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8a98\u60d1\u8207\u5a01\u8105\ufe54\u8a31\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u5df2\u56e0\u98fd\u53d7\u5167\u5916\u653b\u64ca\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u8870\u6557\u7684\u75c5\u5fb5\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u8981\u963b\u6b62\u9032\u800c\u626d\u8f49\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8870\u9000\u8207\u6557\u4ea1\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u7126\u616e\u8b93\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7126\u616e\u4e5f\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4fdd\u6301\u8b66\u9192\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u7e8c\u9032\u800c\u91cd\u751f\uff0c\u90a3\u591a\u5c11\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u9084\u6301\u7e8c\u7126\u616e\u8457\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u653e\u68c4\u3002<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u53c3\u8003\u66f8\u76ee \u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u7fa4\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5a01\u6b0a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u8f15\u5247\u9677\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u65e5\u8da8\u60e1\u8cea\u5316\uff0c\u91cd\u5247\u8870\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19231,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[989,983],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19158"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19158"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19158\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n
\nGalston, William A. 2018. Anti-pluralism: The Populist Threat to Liberal Democracy<\/em>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
\nGraber, Mark A., Sanford Levinson, & Mark Tushnet, eds. 2018. Constitutional Democracy in Crisis<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press.
\nGinsburg, Tom, & Aziz Z. Huq. 2018. How to Save a Constitutional Democracy<\/em>. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
\nLevitsky, Steven, & Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. How Democracies Die<\/em>. New York: Penguin Random House.
\nMounk, Yascha. 2018. The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It<\/em>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
\nM\u00fcller, Jan-Werner. 2016. What is Populism?<\/em>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
\nNorris, Pippa, & Ronald Inglehart. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism<\/em>. New York: Cambridge University Press.
\nRosenblum, Nancy L., & Russell Muirhead. 2019. A Lot of People Are Saying: The New Conspiracism and the Assault on Democracy<\/em>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
\nRosenbluth, Frances McCall, & Ian Shapiro. 2018. Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy from Itself<\/em>. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
\nRunciman, David. 2018. How Democracy Ends<\/em>. London: Basic Books.
\nSunstein, Cass R., ed. 2018. Can it Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America<\/em>. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
\n\u6c34\u5cf6\u6cbb\u90ce\uff082018\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u6642\u4ee3\uff1a\u662f\u90aa\u60e1\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff1f\u300b\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5148\u89ba\uff08\u6797\u8a60\u7d14\u8b6f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"