{"id":15455,"date":"2018-11-22T00:00:33","date_gmt":"2018-11-21T16:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/?p=15455"},"modified":"2021-08-12T11:36:40","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T03:36:40","slug":"%e3%80%8c%e6%94%b9%e8%89%af%e5%9e%8b%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e6%8e%a2%e7%a9%b6%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%a5%e3%80%8c%e5%a5%b3%e4%ba%ba%e3%80%8d%e7%82%ba%e4%be%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/15455\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u5c08\u6b04\u3011\u300c\u6539\u826f\u578b\u300d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\uff1a\u4ee5\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u70ba\u4f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u6458\u8981<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3001\u4fee\u6574\u8207\u6539\u9032\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u77e5\u8b58\u9032\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ecb\u7d39Sally Haslanger\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u5176\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u6539\u826f\u578b\u300d\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u4e2d\u5c0d\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u53ef\u4ee5\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u6a23\u8c8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u7a2e\u56de\u7b54\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5c07\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u5b9a\u70ba\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u300d\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u5305\u7f85\u842c\u8c61\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u600e\u9ebc\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u662f\u8655\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u96fb\u8166\u6a21\u64ec\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8eab\u5728\u5982\u96fb\u5f71\u300c\u99ed\u5ba2\u4efb\u52d9\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5168\u9762\u555f\u52d5\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300cAI\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u9020\u6210\u5a01\u8105\uff1fAI\u5e36\u4f86\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6311\u6230\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1f\u900f\u904e\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u55ce\uff1f\u79d1\u5b78\u6280\u8853\u6703\u96a8\u6642\u9593\u63a8\u884d\u800c\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u5982\u6b64\uff1f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b78\u9580\u7814\u7a76\u6ce8\u91cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u662f\u5426\u6709\u597d\u58de\u9ad8\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5206\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\uff1f\u6b67\u8996\u6027\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e5f\u80fd\u4eab\u6709\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u55ce\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8b0a\u8a00\u8ddf\u8aa4\u5c0e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff1f\u96b1\u55bb\u3001\u53cd\u8af7\u9019\u985e\u7684\u8a00\u5916\u4e4b\u610f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u4fbf\u6597\uff08Duchamp\u2019s Fountain\uff09\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u9996\u7121\u6a02\u97f3\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff08John Cage\u2019s \u200e4\u201933\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u85dd\u8853\uff1f\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u62cd\u8ce3\u6703\u5834\u4e0a\u88ab\u6bc0\u640d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff08Bansky\u2019s Girl With Ballon\uff09\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u50f9\u503c\uff1f\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u8207\u7b54\u6848\u8c50\u5bcc\u591a\u6a23\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9023\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u4e5f\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u56de\u7b54\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u7684Wykeham\u8b1b\u5ea7\u6559\u6388 Williamson\uff082007\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u50c5\u50c5\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u8a9e\u8a00\u8ac7\u8ad6\u8a72\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3001\u4fee\u6574\u8207\u6539\u9032\u90fd\u662f\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cFrege\uff081848-1925\uff09\u7684\u300c\u8ff0\u8a5e\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u6bd4\u4e9e\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u66f4\u5177\u8868\u8ff0\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u800cRussell\uff081872-1970\uff09\u66f4\u904b\u7528\u9019\u5957\u65b0\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u8a9e\u8a00\u5206\u6790\u300c\u78ba\u5b9a\u63cf\u8ff0\u8a5e\uff08definite descriptions\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u5ef6\u4f38\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u8a9e\u8a00\u54f2\u5b78\u8ddf\u8a9e\u610f\u5b78\u8fc4\u4eca\u4ecd\u6301\u7e8c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u9805\u57fa\u672c\u8b70\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u66f4\u5b8f\u89c0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u6574\u9ad4\u77e5\u8b58\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cbe\u7149\u7422\u78e8\u51fa\u300c\u597d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u8b93\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u554f\u51fa\u300c\u597d\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3001\u518d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5f97\u5230\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u9032\u5c55\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff1a\u5eb7\u6258\uff08Cantor 1845-1918\uff09\u5c0d\u300c\u5927\u5c0f\uff08size\uff09\u300d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u300c\u7121\u9650\u5927\u300d\u4e0d\u6b62\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u4e26\u958b\u555f\u4e86\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u4f8b\u5b50\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u5c0d\u300c\u91cd\u91cf\u300d\u8207\u300c\u8cea\u91cf\u300d\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4e2d\u300c\u8ca8\u5e63\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7b49\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u89c0\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c0d\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u3001\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c0d\u4e8b\u7269\u300c\u672c\u8cea\u300d\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u76f8\u7576\u7dca\u5bc6\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u4e2d\u5c0d\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u8655\uff1f\u6539\u826f\u578b\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u53c8\u53ef\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5f97\u5230\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u53cd\u7701\uff1f\u8b93\u6211\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u6587\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u3001\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b78\u9662\u7684Ford\u8b1b\u5ea7\u6559\u6388 Sally Haslanger \uff082000, 2003, 2005, 2006\uff09\u5c0d\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ecb\u7d39\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u4e2d\u5c0d\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u53ef\u4ee5\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u6a23\u8c8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger\u8a8d\u70ba\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u53ef\u5206\u70ba<u>\u6982\u5ff5\u578b\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6539\u826f\u578b\u4e09\u985e\uff08<\/u><u>2005, 2006<\/u>\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6982\u5ff5\u578b\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff08conceptual inquiry\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u63a2\u8a0e<strong>\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba<\/strong>\u67d0\u6982\u5ff5\u8a72\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5982\u4f55\uff1b\u9019\u985e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ef0\u8cf4\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5167\u7701\u53ca\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u662f\u95e1\u660e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u300c\u986f\u610f\u6982\u5ff5\uff08manifest concept\uff09\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u63cf\u8ff0\u578b\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff08descriptive inquiry\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u9ede\u660e\u6211\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5c07\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u8a8d\u5b9a\u70ba\u67d0\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff1b\u9019\u985e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u7684<strong>\u5be6\u969b\u4f7f\u7528\u72c0\u6cc1<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u662f\u95e1\u660e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u300c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08operative concept\uff09\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6539\u826f\u578b\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff08ameliorative inquiry\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u767c\u6398\u6211\u5011<strong>\u61c9\u8a72\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong>\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u9019\u985e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u51f8\u986f\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\u67d0\u4e8b\u7269\u6642\u7684\u5408\u7406\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5728\u65bc\u6307\u51fa\u6700\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u9054\u5230\u8a72\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u300c\u6307\u6a19\u6982\u5ff5\uff08target concept\uff09\u300d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9019\u4e09\u7d44\u63a2\u7a76\u6240\u5c0d\u61c9\u5230\u7684\u6210\u679c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3001\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u4e0b\uff0cHaslanger\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u300c\u6539\u826f\u578b\u300d\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u6307\u6a19\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u3002\u5979\u4e3b\u5f35\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u751f\u7406\u7684\u6027\uff08sex\uff09\u7684\u5973\u6027 \uff08female\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\uff08women\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6027\u5225\uff08gender\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002Haslanger\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>S\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u82e5\u4e14\u552f\u82e5\uff08i\uff09S\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\u6216\u60f3\u50cf\u64c1\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u300c\u5973\u6027\u300d\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u751f\u6b96\u7279\u5fb5\uff08\u5982\uff0cXX\u67d3\u8272\u9ad4\u3001\u5b50\u5bae\u3001\u5375\u5de2\u7b49\uff09\uff1b\uff08ii\uff09S\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u8eab\u9ad4\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u8996\u4f5c\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u968e\uff08social position)\uff1b\uff08iii\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\uff08i\uff09\u8ddf\uff08ii\uff09\uff0cS\u7684\u5f9e\u5c6c\u662f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\uff08systematically subordinated\uff09\u2014\u2014 S\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u9762\u5411\uff08\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u793e\u6703\u7b49\uff09\u4e0a\u7e3d\u662f\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\uff082000\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u662f\u5206\u6790\u6027\u5730\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\uff08analytically oppressed\uff09\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5f9e\u5c6c\u8005\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0cHaslanger\u5f37\u8abf\u5979\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u6d88\u9664\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u986f\u7136\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a9e\u8a5e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5167\u6db5\uff08intension\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\uff081\uff09\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6642\u7a7a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u793e\u6703\u689d\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u8655\u65bc\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5f9e\u5c6c\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u8a8d\u70ba\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6709\u4e0d\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u4f4d\u9ad8\u6b0a\u91cd\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u5973\u738b\u3001\u5fb7\u570b\u7e3d\u7406\u6885\u514b\u723e\u3001\u8521\u82f1\u6587\u7e3d\u7d71\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u4f46Haslanger\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u300c\u6982\u5ff5\u578b\u300d\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff08\u7cbe\u6e96\u6307\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u900f\u904e\u5167\u7701\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5982\u4f55\uff09\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u300c\u63cf\u8ff0\u578b\u300d\u7684\u63a2\u7a76\uff08\u5fe0\u5be6\u63cf\u8ff0\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6307\u6d89\u5230\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u300c\u6539\u826f\u578b\u300d\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u91d0\u6e05\u6211\u5011\u7a76\u7adf\u60f3\u8981\u900f\u904e\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u8aaa\u660e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3001\u6539\u8b8a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9054\u6210\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff1b\u5176\u771f\u6b63\u95dc\u5207\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u793e\u6703\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u610f\u5373\u900f\u904e\u7406\u8ad6\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u559a\u8d77\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\u5e7d\u5fae\u4e14\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u4e4b\u654f\u92b3\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e26\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u3001\u6539\u8b8a\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u610f\u8b58\u8207\u72c0\u614b\u3002Haslanger\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u6d88\u9664\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u5373\u662f\u8981\u6d88\u9664\u56e0\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u8eab\u9ad4\u7279\u5fb5\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u5c6c\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff1b\u5206\u6790\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u7528\u610f\u6b63\u662f\u8981\u559a\u8d77\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3001\u9032\u800c\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u7d42\u7d50\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\u7d66\u7406\u8ad6\u8cbc\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6539\u826f\u578b\u300d\u7684\u6a19\u7c64\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u6279\u5224\u3002Haslagner\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u76ee\u6a19\u5728\u65bc\u722d\u53d6\u793e\u6703\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5979\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u78ba\u5be6\u5c0d\u6b64\u76ee\u6a19\u6709\u6240\u52a9\u76ca\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4f5c\u70ba\u8a55\u50f9\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u6210\u6548\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\u3002Haslanger\u7684\u5206\u6790\u9084\u662f\u6709\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\uff09\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u672a\u89e3\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5979\u81ea\u8ff0\u5176\u5206\u6790\u6709\u5169\u500b\u8981\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u4e26\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u523a\u6fc0\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u53cd\u7701<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u3002\u4f46Haslanger\u5c07\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u968e\u5beb\u5165\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u662f\u300c\u6307\u51fa\u300d\u4e86\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u3001\u9019\u4e9b\u58d3\u8feb\u53c8\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u54ea\u4e9b\u6709\u5f62\u6216\u7121\u5f62\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\uff08cf. Saul 2006\uff09\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u5c07\u5973\u4eba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u5206\u6790\u6027\u5730\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86Haslanger\u6240\u671f\u8a31\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u6548\u61c9\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u8655\u65bc\u5f9e\u5c6c\u5730\u4f4d\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u72c0\u614b\u611f\u5230\u66f4\u52a0\u7121\u80fd\u70ba\u529b\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0cHaslanger\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8f15\u5ffd\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u540c\uff08self-identity\uff09\u8ddf\u5718\u7d50\uff08solidarity\uff09\u5728\u722d\u53d6\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u5c0d\u6297\u58d3\u8feb\u6027\u7cfb\u7d71\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff08cf. Young 1990, Barnes 2016\uff09\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5f9e\u5c6c\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u9078\u64c7\u6539\u8b8a\u6027\u5225\u7684\u751f\u7406\u7537\u6027\u800c\u8a00\uff0cHaslanger\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u4e0d\u751a\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6703\u5f88\u96e3\u63a5\u53d7Haslanger\u7684\u8aaa\u8a5e\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u5df1\u300c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u300d\u662f\u8655\u65bc\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u4f4d\u968e\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u4e5f\u5f88\u96e3\u70ba\u5176\u4fe1\u670d\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u5df1\u7adf\u7136\u9078\u64c7\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u56e0\u70baHaslanger\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8207\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u540c\u53ca\u8a55\u50f9\u6709\u8457\u904e\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u5176\u6539\u826f\u578b\u8a08\u756b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5411\u5fc3\u529b\uff1b\u800c\u5c07\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u540c\u70ba\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u6df1\u5207\u9700\u8981\u7372\u5f97\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5c0d\u51dd\u805a\u5718\u7d50\u8207\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e26\u7121\u52a9\u76ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u9055\u53cd\u4e86Haslanger\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff08Chen 2018\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u70baHaslanger\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\uff08normative\uff09\u7684\u6539\u826f\u578b\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u6240\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u4e0d\u50c5\u53ea\u662f\u8c61\u7259\u5854\u5167\u7684\u8ad6\u8faf\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u5e0c\u5180\u4ee5\u5be6\u969b\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f71\u97ff\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u72c0\u7684\u4f01\u5716\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u9023\u7d50\u5230\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u540c\u3001\u843d\u5be6\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u904b\u7528\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u5718\u7d50\uff0c\u78ba\u6709\u4f5c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9eHaslanger \u7406\u8ad6\u53ef\u958b\u5c55\u51fa\u5e7e\u9ede\u5ef6\u4f38\u6027\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\u95dc\u65bc \u300c\u672c\u8cea\u300d\u8207\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6216\u8a31\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u8207\u5973\u6027\u4e26\u7121\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u6211\u5011\u600e\u9ebc\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6216\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u300c\u4e8b\u5be6\u300d\u3002Haslanger\u7684\u6539\u826f\u578b\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u6311\u6230\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u81ea\u7136\/\u672c\u8cea\u300d\u8207\u300c\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\/\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u754c\u7dda\u5283\u5206\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9ede\u51fa\u4eba\u5011\u7528\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u73fe\u8c61\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u516c\u5171\u8f3f\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u6240\u860a\u6db5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u65e2\u4f7f\u8a9e\u8a00\u8ddf\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u6240\u5340\u5225\uff0c \u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u5730\u78ba\u5be6\u5f62\u5851\u4e26\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u6e9d\u901a\u8207\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u300c\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u300d\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5011\u56e0\u70ba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u660e\u78ba\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u66f4\u7121\u6cd5\u900f\u904e\u56b4\u8b39\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u76f8\u95dc\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u9019\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u300c\u547d\u540d\u300d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u800c\u5f9e\u300c\u5c71\u5730\u4eba\u300d\u5230\u300c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u300d\u3001\u5f9e\u300c\u9ed1\u9b3c\u300d\u5230\u300c\u975e\u88d4\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u5247\u662f\u300c\u6b63\u540d\u300d\u7684\u5be6\u4f8b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0cHaslanger\u7684\u6539\u826f\u578b\u8a08\u756b\u53ef\u653e\u5728\u8fd1\u5e74\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u5f8c\u8a2d\u8a9e\u8a00\u4ea4\u6d89\uff08metalinguistic negotiation\uff09\u300d\u3001\u300c\u95dc\u65bc\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08conceptual ethics)\u300d\uff08Burgess &amp; Plunkett 2013, Plunkett 2015, Thomasson 2017 <strong>\uff09<\/strong>\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><strong><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a><strong>\uff0c<\/strong>\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e00\u9bae\u660e\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7686\u983b\u4ecd\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u540c\u5115\u722d\u8b70\uff08peer disagreement\uff09\u4e4b\u7d20\u6750\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0cHaslanger\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u6b63\u8996\u4e26\u91d0\u6e05\u8108\u7d61\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u3001\u8a55\u50f9\u8005\uff09\u5c0d\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c Haslanger\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5340\u5206\u66f4\u53ef\u88ab\u8996\u4f5c\u4e00\u7d44\u6db5\u84cb\u7bc4\u570d\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5ea7\u6a19\uff0c\u4f9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u601d\u7d22\u5176\uff08\u500b\u4eba\u3001\u5718\u968a\u3001\u5b78\u9580\uff09\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u95dc\u806f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>Barnes, Elizabeth (2016). <em>The Minority Body<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press<\/p>\n<p>Burgess, Alexis, and Plunkett, David (2013). Conceptual ethics I. <em>Philosophy Compass <\/em>8 (12): 1091\u2013101<\/p>\n<p>Chen, Hsiang-Yun (2018) \u201cWomen and Philosophical Analyses.\u201d paper presented at the 4th CCPEA.<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger, Sally (2000). Gender and race: (what) are they? (what) do we want them to be? <em>Nou<\/em><em>\u0302<\/em><em>s <\/em>34 (1): 31\u201355.<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger, Sally. (2003). \u201cFuture Genders? Future Races?\u201d <em>Philosophical Exchange<\/em> 34:4\u201327.<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger, Sally. (2005). What are we talking about? The semantics and politics of social kinds. <em>Hypatia\u00a0 <\/em>20 (4): 10\u201326.<\/p>\n<p>Haslanger, Sally. (2006). What good are our intuitions? Philosophical analysis and social kinds. <em>Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume <\/em>80 (1): 89\u2013118.<\/p>\n<p>Plunkett, David. (2015). Which concepts should we use? Metalinguistic negotiations and the methodology of philosophy. <em>Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy <\/em>58 (7\u20138): 828\u201374.<\/p>\n<p>Saul, Jennifer. (2006). \u201cPhilosophical Analysis and Social Kinds: Gender and Race.\u201d <em>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society<\/em>. Supplementary Volume 106(1):119\u2013143.<\/p>\n<p>Thomasson, Amie. (2017). \u201cMetaphysical Disputes and Metalinguistic Negotiation.\u201d <em>Analytic Philosophy<\/em> 58(1):1\u201328.<\/p>\n<p>Williamson, Timothy. (2007.) <em>The Philosophy of Philosophy<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press<\/p>\n<p>Young, Iris Marion. (1990). <em>Justice and the Politics of Difference<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0cWilliamson\u8a8d\u70ba\u5118\u7ba1\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u638c\u63e1\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u7d66\u51fa\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d30\u7dfb\u5206\u6790\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e2d\u524d\u63d0\u8ddf\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4ecd\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u4e14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u4ee5\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u300c\u986f\u610f\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u6db5\u62ec\u5b9a\u671f\u8209\u884c\u9078\u8209\u3001\u6bcf\u4eba\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6a5f\u6703\u3001\u7968\u7968\u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u4e14\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u53d7\u8105\u8feb\u3001\u53ef\u81ea\u4e3b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7b49\uff1b\u82e5\u5be6\u969b\u6aa2\u8996\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u300c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u5167\u6db5\u53ef\u80fd\u50c5\u50c5\u8981\u6c42\u5b9a\u671f\u7684\u9078\u8209\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u300c\u6307\u6a19\u578b\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u5247\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u76f4\u6307\u73fe\u72c0\u7684\u7f3a\u5931\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u72c0\u614b\uff1b\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u9078\u8209\u5236\u5ea6\u4e14\u6295\u7968\u7387\u8207\u5f97\u7968\u7387\u5747\u9ad8\u7684\u9ad8\u58d3\u7d71\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u85c9\u7531\u63d0\u51fa\u67d0\u7a2e\u300c\u6307\u6a19\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\u4f86\u8b49\u6210\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Haslanger (2000), p. 36, p. 47.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> \u8b6c\u5982\uff1a\u2018A metalinguistic negotiation is a metalinguistic dispute that concerns a normative issue about what a word should mean, or, similarly, about how it should be used, rather than the descriptive issue about what it does mean.\u2019\u00a0 (Plunkett, 2015, 828)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6458\u8981 \u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u6982\u5ff5\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u300c\u8868\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3001\u4fee\u6574\u8207\u6539\u9032\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u77e5\u8b58\u9032\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ecb\u7d39Sally Hasla [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15456,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[989,983],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15455"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15455"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15455\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15456"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/newsletter.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}